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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synthesegas-Fermentation</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Synthesegas-Fermentation</b>, kurz auch <b>Syngas-Fermentation</b>, ist ein <a href="Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie">mikrobiologischer</a> Prozess, bei dem ein <a href="Synthesegas" title="Synthesegas">Synthesegas</a> aus <a href="Kohlenmonoxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohlenmonoxid">Kohlenmonoxid</a> (CO), <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> (H<sub>2</sub>) und <a href="Kohlendioxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohlendioxid">Kohlendioxid</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) als Energie- und <a href="Substrat_(Biochemie)" title="Substrat (Biochemie)">Substrat</a>quelle für die <a href="Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a> genutzt wird.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch die <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Stoffwechsel</a>-Prozesse der eingesetzten <a href="Mikroorganismus" title="Mikroorganismus">Mikroorganismen</a> können auf diese Weise Chemikalien gewonnen werden, die als <a href="Biokraftstoff" title="Biokraftstoff">Biokraftstoffe</a> oder als <a href="Plattformchemikalie" title="Plattformchemikalie">Plattformchemikalien</a> in der <a href="Chemische_Industrie" title="Chemische Industrie">Chemischen Industrie</a> eingesetzt werden können. Die Hauptprodukte dieses Prozesses umfassen <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, <a href="Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Butanol">Butanol</a>, <a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a>, <a href="Butters%C3%A4ure" title="Buttersäure">Buttersäure</a> und <a href="Methan" title="Methan">Methan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Worden_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuere Ansätze produzierten auch längerkettige organische Verbindungen wie <a href="Caprons%C3%A4ure" title="Capronsäure">Caproat</a>, <a href="Hexanole" title="Hexanole">Hexanol</a> oder <a href="1-Octanol" title="1-Octanol">Octanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es gibt eine Reihe von Mikroorganismen, die in der Lage sind, nutzbare Chemikalien und Kraftstoffe auf der Basis von Synthesegas zu produzieren, vor allem <i><a href="Clostridium_ljungdahlii" title="Clostridium ljungdahlii">Clostridium ljungdahlii</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klasson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klasson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Clostridium autoethanogenum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Abrini_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrini-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Eubacterium limosum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Clostridium carboxidivorans</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Peptostreptococcus productus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Misoph_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misoph-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <i>Butyribacterium methylotrophicum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henstra_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henstra-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Vorteile der Synthesegas-Fermentation gegenüber konventionellen chemischen Prozessen, beispielsweise der <a href="Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese" title="Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese">Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese</a>, liegen in den niedrigeren Prozesstemperaturen und -drücken und der Nutzbarkeit von Gasen mit höheren Schwefelgehalten sowie der Nutzbarkeit von unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen von Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff im Synthesegas, wodurch Aufreinigungsschritte eingespart werden sowie eine Wasserstoffanreicherung nicht notwendig ist.<sup id="cite_ref-Worden_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nachteilig wirkt sich dagegen die Limitation der Gaszugabe in die Fermentationsbrühe,<sup id="cite_ref-Henstra_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henstra-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die niedrige <a href="Spezifische_Produktleistung" title="Spezifische Produktleistung">volumetrische Produktivität</a> sowie die <a href="Inhibitor" title="Inhibitor">Inhibierung</a> der Organismen durch höhere Produktkonzentrationen aus.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Worden_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Um die genannten Nachteile auszugleichen oder die Herstellung von hochwertigeren Produkten möglich zu machen, bedienen sich Forschern des <a href="Metabolic_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic Engineering">Metabolic Engineering</a>, womit sich beispielsweise Inhibierungen verringern oder Produktivitäten erhöhen lassen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Des Weiteren werden stetig Fortschritte im Bereich der Optimierung der Fermentationstechnik gemacht.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein Beispiel einer <a href="Pilotprojekt" title="Pilotprojekt">Pilotanlage</a> stellt die Kooperation des deutschen Chemiekonzerns <a href="BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> mit dem Synthesegas-Fermentationsspezialisten LanzaTech im Jahr 2021 dar. Ziel dieser Kooperation ist es die Kompetenzen beider Unternehmen zur Entwicklung eines Prozesses zur Nutzung von Abfallströmen, beispielsweise der <a href="Stahlindustrie" title="Stahlindustrie">Stahlindustrie</a>, zu nutzen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belege">Belege</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Brown-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert F. Brown: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biorenewable resources: engineering new products from agriculture</cite>. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa 2003, ISBN 0-8138-2263-7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Synthesegas-Fermentation&rft.au=Robert+F.++Brown&rft.btitle=Biorenewable+resources%3A+engineering+new+products+from+agriculture&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0813822637&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Iowa+State+Press" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Worden-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Worden_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Worden_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Worden_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Worden, M. D. Bredwell, A. J. Grethlein: <i>Engineering issues in synthesis gas fermentations.</i> In: Badal C Saha (Hrsg.): <i>Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass.</i> American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1997, ISBN 0-8412-3508-2, S. 321–335.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanno Richter, Bastian Molitor, Martijn Diender, Diana Z. Sousa, Largus T. Angenent: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Narrow pH Range Supports Butanol, Hexanol, and Octanol Production from Syngas in a Continuous Co-culture of Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyveri with In-Line Product Extraction</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Frontiers in Microbiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1773</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01773">10.3389/fmicb.2016.01773</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27877166?dopt=Abstract">PMID 27877166</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099930/">PMC 5099930</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Synthesegas-Fermentation&rft.atitle=A+Narrow+pH+Range+Supports+Butanol%2C+Hexanol%2C+and+Octanol+Production+from+Syngas+in+a+Continuous+Co-culture+of+Clostridium+ljungdahlii+and+Clostridium+kluyveri+with+In-Line+Product+Extraction&rft.au=Hanno+Richter%2C+Bastian+Molitor%2C+Martijn+Diender%2C+...&rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.date=2016&rft.doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.01773&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1773&rft.pmc=5099930&rft.pmid=27877166&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Klasson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Klasson_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. T. Klasson, M. D. Ackerson, E. C. Clausen, J. L. Gaddy: <i>Bioconversion of synthesis gas into liquid or gaseous fuels.</i> In: <i>Enzyme and Microbial Technology.</i> Band 14, Nr. 8, 1992, S. 602–608.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Abrini-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Abrini_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Abrini, H. Naveau, E. J. Nyns: <i>Clostridium autoethanogenum, Sp-Nov, an Anaerobic bacterium that produces ethanol from carbon monoxide.</i> In: <i>Archives of Microbiology.</i> Band 161, Nr. 4, 1994, S. 345–351.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chang-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chang_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. S. Chang, B. H. Kim, R. W. Lovitt, J. S. Bang: <i>Effect of CO partial pressure on cell-recycled continuous CO fermentation by Eubacterium limosum KIST612.</i> In: <i>Process Biochemistry.</i> Band 37, Nr. 4, 2001, S. 411–421.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ahmed-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Ahmed, R. S. Lewis: <i>Fermentation of biomass generated syngas:Effect of nitric oxide.</i> In: <i>Biotechnology and Bioengineering.</i> Band 97, Nr. 5, 2007, S. 1080–1086.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Misoph-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Misoph_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Misoph, H. L. Drake: <i>Effect of CO<sub>2</sub> on the fermentation capacities of the acetogen Peptostreptococus productus U-1.</i> In: <i>Journal of Bacteriology.</i> Band 178, Nr. 11, 1996, S. 3140–3145.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Henstra-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Henstra_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Henstra_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. M. Henstra, J. Sipma, A. Reinzma, A. J. M. Stams: <i>Microbiology of synthesis gas fermentation for biofuel production.</i> In: <i>Current Opinion in Biotechnology.</i> Band 18, Nr. 3, 2007, S. 200–206.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chi Cheng, Weiming Li, Meng Lin, Shang-Tian Yang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Metabolic engineering of Clostridium carboxidivorans for enhanced ethanol and butanol production from syngas and glucose</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>284</span>, Juli 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>415–423</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.145">10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.145</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30965197?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30965197</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Synthesegas-Fermentation&rft.atitle=Metabolic+engineering+of+Clostridium+carboxidivorans+for+enhanced+ethanol+and+butanol+production+from+syngas+and+glucose&rft.au=Chi+Cheng%2C+Weiming+Li%2C+Meng+Lin%2C+...&rft.btitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.date=2019-07&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2019.03.145&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=415-423&rft.pmid=30965197&rft.volume=284" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. Orgill, Mike C. Abboud, Hasan K. Atiyeh, Mamatha Devarapalli, Xiao Sun: <cite style="font-style:italic">Measurement and prediction of mass transfer coefficients for syngas constituents in a hollow fiber reactor</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresource Technology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>276</span>, 1. März 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–7</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.092">10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.092</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852418317632">sciencedirect.com</a> [abgerufen am 3. April 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Synthesegas-Fermentation&rft.atitle=Measurement+and+prediction+of+mass+transfer+coefficients+for+syngas+constituents+in+a+hollow+fiber+reactor&rft.au=James+J.+Orgill%2C+Mike+C.+Abboud%2C+Hasan+K.+Atiyeh%2C+...&rft.btitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2018.12.092&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1-7&rft.volume=276" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basf.com/global/en/media/news-releases/2021/05/p-21-206.html"><i>LanzaTech and BASF achieve first milestone in utilizing industrial off-gases for chemical production.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 3. April 2022</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASynthesegas-Fermentation&rft.title=LanzaTech+and+BASF+achieve+first+milestone+in+utilizing+industrial+off-gases+for+chemical+production&rft.description=LanzaTech+and+BASF+achieve+first+milestone+in+utilizing+industrial+off-gases+for+chemical+production&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.basf.com%2Fglobal%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fnews-releases%2F2021%2F05%2Fp-21-206.html&rft.language=en-US"> </span></span>
</li>
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